1. only
2. merely
3. no more than
4. but
5. however
6. anyway (to get back to a previous topic)
7. cannot be more (after adjectival)

1. apart from; besides; in addition to (used to exclude, as in 除了他，除了他，谁也没来 chúletā,shéiyěméilái "apart from him, nobody came", or to include, as in 除了英語，除了英语，他也会法语 chúle Yīngyǔ,tāyěhuì Fǎyǔ "in addition to English, he also knows French")
2. (used to introduce one of two habitual alternatives in the pattern 除了 chúle + A + 就是 jiùshì + B, "either A or B")

1. (after a verb or adjective) one who (is) ...
2. (after a noun) person involved in ...
3. -er
4. -ist
5. (used after a number or 后 hòu or 前 qián to refer to sth mentioned previously)
6. (used after a term, to mark a pause before defining the term)
7. (old) (used at the end of a command)
8. (old) this

1. apart from
2. other than
3. except for
4. external
5. outside of
6. on the other side of
7. beyond

1. haven't
2. hasn't
3. doesn't exist
4. to not have
5. to not be

1. can
2. may
3. possible
4. able to
5. not bad
6. pretty good

1. straight (in a straight line)
2. continuously; always; all the way through

1. (pronoun) this
2. (adjective) this

1. principle
2. doctrine

classifier: 個