1. from; through; via
2. (bound form) to follow
3. (bound form) to obey
4. (bound form) to engage in (an activity)
5. (used before a negative) ever
6. (bound form) (Taiwan pr. zòng) retainer; attendant
7. (bound form) (Taiwan pr. zòng) assistant; auxiliary; subordinate
8. (bound form) (Taiwan pr. zòng) related by common paternal grandfather or earlier ancestor

classifiers: 把, 張

1. (bound form) up; upper; above; previous
2. first (of multiple parts)
3. to climb; to get onto; to go up
4. to attend (class or university)
5. (directional complement) up
6. (noun suffix) on; above

1. to jump
2. to hop
3. to skip over
4. to bounce
5. to palpitate

1. (completed action marker)
2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now)
3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause)

1. to finish
2. (used with 得 dé or 不 bù after a verb to express (im)possibility, as in 忘不了 wàngbuliǎo "cannot forget")
3. (literary) (usually followed by a negative such as 无 wú or 不 bù) completely (not); entirely (not); (not) in the least
4. to understand clearly (variant of 了 liǎo)

1. (of eyes) bright
2. clear-sighted
3. to understand clearly

1. to stand up; to get up
2. also pr. qǐlái

1. (after a verb) indicating the beginning and continuation of an action or a state
2. indicating an upward movement (e.g. after 站 zhàn)
3. indicating completion
4. (after a perception verb, e.g. 看 kàn) expressing preliminary judgment
5. also pr. qǐlai

1. placed after a verb to form a copular verb, expressing evaluation based on initial perception
2. placed after a verb to indicate that the action has started
3. to get up; to get out of bed
4. to rise up; to get up