1. of; ~'s (possessive particle)
2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun)
3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis)
4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 pígéde "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 pǎotángrde "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 xīnde "new one")
5. also pr. dì or di in poetry and songs

1. hygienic; sanitary
2. hygiene; sanitation

1. to adopt or carry out (measures, policies, course of action)
2. to take

1. measure
2. step

classifier: 個

1. to come
2. (used as a substitute for a more specific verb)
3. hither (directional complement for motion toward the speaker, as in 回來 huílai)
4. ever since (as in 自古以來 zìgǔyǐlái)
5. for the past (amount of time)
6. (prefix) the coming ...; the next ... (as in 來世 láishì)
7. (between two verbs) in order to
8. (after a round number) approximately
9. (used after 得 dé to indicate possibility, as in 談得來 tándelái, or after 不 bù to indicate impossibility, as in 吃不來 chībulái)

1. to prevent
2. to block

1. of; ~'s (possessive particle)
2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun)
3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis)
4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 pígéde "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 pǎotángrde "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 xīnde "new one")
5. also pr. dì or di in poetry and songs