1. what is meant by the expression ...; what is referred to as ...
2. (derog.) so-called

1. special local product
2. (regional) specialty

1. exactly; precisely
2. only; simply; just
3. (used correlatively with 也 yě) even; even if

1. stranger
2. outsider

1. to offer (tribute)
2. to present respectfully (to superior, ancestor, deity etc)
3. to esteem
4. to revere
5. to believe in (a religion)
6. to wait upon
7. to accept orders (from superior)

1. (possessive particle, literary equivalent of 的 de)
2. him
3. her
4. it

1. as (in the capacity of)
2. to take sth as
3. to act as
4. to serve as
5. to behave as
6. to become
7. to be
8. to do
9. by (in the passive voice)

1. because of
2. for
3. to

1. jewel
2. gem
3. treasure
4. precious

1. to snort disdainfully
2. to scoff at
3. to turn up one's nose

1. of; ~'s (possessive particle)
2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun)
3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis)
4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 pígéde "one made of leather" or 跑堂儿的 pǎotángrde "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 xīnde "new one")
5. also pr. dì or di in poetry and songs

1. thing
2. stuff
3. person

classifiers: 個, 件