1. (botany) rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa)
2. (literary, historical) a kind of beautiful jade
3. (～色) rose colour
4. (～花) rose (flower) (Classifier: 朵 m)
5. a kind of beautiful jade
6. hybrid roses for ornamental and edible uses
7. rose (flower) (Classifier: 朵 m)
8. rose colour
9. rugosa rose (Rosa rugosa)

1. of; ~'s (possessive particle)
2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun)
3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis)
4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 pígéde "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 pǎotángrde "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 xīnde "new one")
5. also pr. dì or di in poetry and songs

1. perfume
2. fragrant

1. to pervade
2. to fill the air
3. diffuse
4. everywhere present
5. about to inundate (water)
6. permeated by (smoke)
7. filled with (dust)
8. to saturate (the air with fog, smoke etc)

1. (completed action marker)
2. (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now)
3. (modal particle intensifying preceding clause)

1. to finish
2. (used with 得 dé or 不 bù after a verb to express (im)possibility, as in 忘不了 wàngbuliǎo "cannot forget")
3. (literary) (usually followed by a negative such as 無 wú or 不 bù) completely (not); entirely (not); (not) in the least
4. to understand clearly (variant of 瞭 liǎo)

1. (of eyes) bright
2. clear-sighted
3. to understand clearly

1. whole
2. entire
3. total

classifiers: 間, 個