1. as (in the capacity of)
2. to take sth as
3. to act as
4. to serve as
5. to behave as
6. to become
7. to be
8. to do
9. by (in the passive voice)

1. because of
2. for
3. to

1. excessive; undue
2. to exceed; to be more than
3. very; extremely
4. (dialect) what; whatever (Taiwan pr. shén)

1. tiny
2. insignificant

1. to want; to need; to ask for
2. will; shall; about to
3. need to; should
4. if (same as 要是 yàoshi)
5. (bound form) important

1. (archaic) alternative form of 偠 (yǎo)
2. alternative form of 偠 (yǎo)
3. used in 要褭／要袅

1. as (in the capacity of)
2. to take sth as
3. to act as
4. to serve as
5. to behave as
6. to become
7. to be
8. to do
9. by (in the passive voice)

1. because of
2. for
3. to

1. unrelated
2. having nothing to do (with sth else)

1. of; ~'s (possessive particle)
2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun)
3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis)
4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 pígéde "one made of leather" or 跑堂儿的 pǎotángrde "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 xīnde "new one")
5. also pr. dì or di in poetry and songs

classifiers: 件, 樁

1. concerned
2. worried
3. disturbed
4. anxious

1. particle indicating that a previously asked question is to be applied to the preceding word ("What about ...?", "And ...?")
2. particle for inquiring about location ("Where is ...?")
3. particle signaling a pause, to emphasize the preceding words and allow the listener time to take them on board ("ok?", "are you with me?")
4. (at the end of a declarative sentence) particle indicating continuation of a state or action
5. particle indicating strong affirmation