1. from; through; via
2. (bound form) to follow
3. (bound form) to obey
4. (bound form) to engage in (an activity)
5. (used before a negative) ever
6. (bound form) (Taiwan pr. zòng) retainer; attendant
7. (bound form) (Taiwan pr. zòng) assistant; auxiliary; subordinate
8. (bound form) (Taiwan pr. zòng) related by common paternal grandfather or earlier ancestor

1. ancient
2. old
3. paleo-

1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 固 (gù)
2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 故 (gù)
3. alternative form of 固 (gù)
4. alternative form of 故 (gù)

1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) only used in 古成
2. only used in 古成

1. to reach; to arrive
2. to leave for; to go to
3. to (a place); until (a time); up to (a point)
4. (verb complement indicating arriving at a place or reaching a point)
5. considerate; thoughtful; thorough

1. now
2. the present time
3. current
4. contemporary
5. this (day, year etc)

1. haven't
2. hasn't
3. doesn't exist
4. to not have
5. to not be

1. to cross
2. to go over
3. to pass (time)
4. to celebrate (a holiday)
5. to live
6. to get along
7. excessively
8. too-

1. (literary) to not disappear; to not vanish; to not be obliterated
2. (literary) to not extinguish (of light or fire); to not go out
3. to not disappear; to not vanish; to not be obliterated
4. to not extinguish (of light or fire); to not go out

1. to die
2. to lose
3. to be gone
4. to flee
5. deceased

1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 毋 (wú, “don't”)
2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 無 /无 (“not have”)
3. alternative form of 毋 (wú, “don't”)
4. alternative form of 無 /无 (“not have”)

1. of; ~'s (possessive particle)
2. (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun)
3. (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis)
4. (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 pígéde "one made of leather" or 跑堂儿的 pǎotángrde "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 xīnde "new one")
5. also pr. dì or di in poetry and songs

classifier: 個