1. from; through; via
2. (bound form) to follow
3. (bound form) to obey
4. (bound form) to engage in (an activity)
5. (used before a negative) ever
6. (bound form) (Taiwan pr. zòng) retainer; attendant
7. (bound form) (Taiwan pr. zòng) assistant; auxiliary; subordinate
8. (bound form) (Taiwan pr. zòng) related by common paternal grandfather or earlier ancestor

1. tree
2. to cultivate
3. to set up

classifier: 棵

1. the top and bottom of sth
2. the full vertical extent of sth; from top to bottom
3. to go up and down
4. before and after (as in 上下文 shàngxiàwén "context")
5. (used after a quantity) approximately; ... or so
6. (in a social hierarchy) the high and the low; seniors and juniors (as in 上下和睦 shàngxiàhémù "harmony between superiors and subordinates")
7. all members of a group (as in 舉國上下 jǔguóshàngxià "the entire nation")
8. relative superiority (as in 不相上下 bùxiāngshàngxià "evenly matched")

1. to come
2. (used as a substitute for a more specific verb)
3. hither (directional complement for motion toward the speaker, as in 回來 huílai)
4. ever since (as in 自古以來 zìgǔyǐlái)
5. for the past (amount of time)
6. (prefix) the coming ...; the next ... (as in 來世 láishì)
7. (between two verbs) in order to
8. (after a round number) approximately
9. (used after 得 dé to indicate possibility, as in 談得來 tándelái, or after 不 bù to indicate impossibility, as in 吃不來 chībulái)