1

雖然

suīrán

although; even though (often used correlatively with 可是 kěshì or 但是 dànshì etc)

=2

冷戰

Lěngzhàn

(US-Soviet) Cold War

=2

冷戰

lěngzhàn

cold war (fig.) strained relationship to be barely on speaking terms

=2

冷戰

lěngzhan

(coll.) shiver shudder

3

已經

yǐjīng

already

=4

過

Guō

surname Guo

=4

過

guò

to cross to go over to pass (time) to celebrate (a holiday) to live to get along excessively too-

=4

過

guo

(experienced action marker)

=5

了

le

(completed action marker) (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) (modal particle intensifying preceding clause)

=5

了

liǎo

to finish (used with 得 dé or 不 bù after a verb to express (im)possibility, as in 忘不了 wàngbuliǎo "cannot forget") (literary) (usually followed by a negative such as 無 wú or 不 bù) completely (not); entirely (not); (not) in the least to understand clearly (variant of 瞭 liǎo)

=5

了

liǎo

(of eyes) bright clear-sighted to understand clearly

=5

了

liào

unofficial variant of 瞭 liào

6

這麼

zhème

so much this much how much? this way like this

7

多年

duōnián

many years for many years longstanding

8

俄羅斯人

Éluósīrén

Russian (person)

=9

和

hé

old variant of 和 hé

=9

和

Hé

surname He

=9

和

hé

(joining two nouns) and; together with; with (Taiwan pr. hàn) (math.) sum to make peace (sports) to draw; to tie (bound form) harmonious (bound form) Japan; Japanese

=9

和

hè

to compose a poem in reply (to sb's poem) using the same rhyme sequence to join in the singing to chime in with others

=9

和

hú

to complete a set in mahjong or playing cards

=9

和

huó

to combine a powdery substance (flour, plaster etc) with water Taiwan pr. huò

=9

和

huò

to mix (ingredients) together to blend classifier for rinses of clothes classifier for boilings of medicinal herbs

=9

和

hé

(literary) harmonious (variant of 和 hé)

=9

和

huo

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) warm warm

10

德國人

Déguórén

German person or people

11

之間

zhījiān

(after a noun) between; among; amid (used after certain bisyllabic words to form expressions indicating a short period of time, e.g. 彈指之間 tánzhǐzhījiān)

=12

的

de

of; ~'s (possessive particle) (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 pígéde "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 pǎotángrde "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 xīnde "new one") also pr. dì or di in poetry and songs

=12

的

dī

a taxi; a cab (abbr. for 的士 dīshì)

=12

的

dí

really and truly

=12

的

dì

(bound form) bull's-eye; target

13

仇恨

chóuhèn

to hate hatred enmity hostility

=14

還是

háishi

still (as before) had better unexpectedly or

=14

還是

háishì

had better; it would be best (to do something); one would be well-advised to nevertheless; yet or still

15

沒有

méiyǒu

haven't hasn't doesn't exist to not have to not be

16

消除

xiāochú

to eliminate to remove

17

在

zài

to exist; to be alive (of sb or sth) to be (located) at (used before a verb to indicate an action in progress)

18

蘇聯

Sūlián

Soviet Union, 1922-1991 abbr. for Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟 Sūwéiāi Shèhuìzhǔyì Gònghéguó Liánméng

19

曾經

céngjīng

once already former previously ever (past tense marker used before verb or clause)

20

侵佔

qīnzhàn

to invade and occupy (territory)

=21

過

Guō

surname Guo

=21

過

guò

to cross to go over to pass (time) to celebrate (a holiday) to live to get along excessively too-

=21

過

guo

(experienced action marker)

=22

的

de

of; ~'s (possessive particle) (used after an attribute when it modifies a noun) (used at the end of a declarative sentence for emphasis) (used after a noun, verb or adjective to form a nominal expression, as in 皮革的 pígéde "one made of leather" or 跑堂兒的 pǎotángrde "a waiter (literally, one who runs back and forth in a restaurant)" or 新的 xīnde "new one") also pr. dì or di in poetry and songs

=22

的

dī

a taxi; a cab (abbr. for 的士 dīshì)

=22

的

dí

really and truly

=22

的

dì

(bound form) bull's-eye; target

23

地區

dìqū

region; area (informal or geographical term) prefecture (in China's administrative system)

24

這種

zhèzhǒng

this kind of

25

仇恨

chóuhèn

to hate hatred enmity hostility

26

就

jiù

(after a suppositional clause) in that case; then (after a clause of action) as soon as; immediately after (same as 就是 jiùshì) merely; nothing else but; simply; just; precisely; exactly only; as little as as much as; as many as to approach; to move towards to undertake; to engage in (often followed by 著 zhe) taking advantage of (of food) to go with with regard to; concerning (pattern: 就 jiù ... 也 yě ...) even if ... still ... (pattern: 不 bù ... 就 jiù ...) if not ... then must be ...

27

更深

gēngshēn

deep at night

=28

了

le

(completed action marker) (modal particle indicating change of state, situation now) (modal particle intensifying preceding clause)

=28

了

liǎo

to finish (used with 得 dé or 不 bù after a verb to express (im)possibility, as in 忘不了 wàngbuliǎo "cannot forget") (literary) (usually followed by a negative such as 無 wú or 不 bù) completely (not); entirely (not); (not) in the least to understand clearly (variant of 瞭 liǎo)

=28

了

liǎo

(of eyes) bright clear-sighted to understand clearly

=28

了

liào

unofficial variant of 瞭 liào