1. Chinese language (Mandarin), emphasizing its national nature
2. Chinese as a primary or secondary school subject
3. Chinese in the context of the Nationalist Government
4. Guoyu, book of historical narrative c. 10th-5th century BC

1. (Korean Classical Chinese) the Korean language
2. (Malaysia) Malay, the national language of Malaysia
3. (Vietnamese Classical Chinese) the Vietnamese language; chữ Nôm
4. (chiefly Taiwan, overseas communities in the West and Philippine Hokkien, colloquial or historical in Hong Kong, dated in Mainland China, obsolete in Malaysia and Singapore) Standard Mandarin Chinese; Standard Chinese
5. (historical) under conquest dynasties founded by non-Han groups, the language of the conquering ethnic group: Khitan under the Liao, Mongol under the Yuan, Manchu under the Qing, etc.
6. (obsolete in Taiwan) the Japanese language
7. (usually in contrast with 普通話／普通话 (pǔtōnghuà, “Mandarin as spoken in Mainland China”)) Taiwanese Mandarin; Mandarin as spoken in Taiwan
8. Discourses of the States (a text from the Spring and Autumn period)
9. Malay, the national language of Malaysia
10. Standard Mandarin Chinese; Standard Chinese
11. Taiwanese Mandarin; Mandarin as spoken in Taiwan
12. national language; language specific to or of official usage in a nation
13. the Japanese language
14. the Korean language
15. the Vietnamese language; chữ Nôm
16. under conquest dynasties founded by non-Han groups, the language of the conquering ethnic group: Khitan under the Liao, Mongol under the Yuan, Manchu under the Qing, etc.

1. letter
2. symbol
3. character
4. word
5. courtesy or style name traditionally given to males aged 20 in dynastic China

classifier: 個